Sin is any thought, word, or action that falls short of God's perfect standard. The Bible describes sin as missing the mark (Romans 3:23), lawlessness (1 John 3:4), and rebellion against God. All humans have sinned and need God's forgiveness through Jesus Christ.
“For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.”
- Romans 3:23
Original sin is the doctrine that all humans inherit a sinful nature from Adam's first sin. Romans 5:12 says 'sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men.' We're not just sinners because we sin—we sin because we're born with a sinful nature.
Forgiveness is releasing someone from the debt of their offense. God forgives our sins through Christ's sacrifice—not counting them against us (2 Corinthians 5:19). We're called to forgive others as God forgave us. Forgiveness doesn't excuse wrong but releases bitterness and trusts God for justice.
Repentance is a complete change of mind and heart that turns away from sin and toward God. It involves recognizing sin, feeling godly sorrow for it, confessing it to God, and turning to live in obedience to Him. True repentance produces changed behavior (fruits).
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Answers are informed by Scripture and trusted theologians including Matthew Henry, John Calvin, and John Wesley. Always verify with Scripture and consult your local church for pastoral guidance.