Original sin is the doctrine that all humans inherit a sinful nature from Adam's first sin. Romans 5:12 says 'sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men.' We're not just sinners because we sin—we sin because we're born with a sinful nature.
“Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned.”
- Romans 5:12
Sin is any thought, word, or action that falls short of God's perfect standard. The Bible describes sin as missing the mark (Romans 3:23), lawlessness (1 John 3:4), and rebellion against God. All humans have sinned and need God's forgiveness through Jesus Christ.
Atonement is the reconciliation of God and humanity through sacrifice. In the Old Testament, animal sacrifices covered sin temporarily. Jesus' death is the ultimate atonement—He bore God's wrath as our substitute, satisfying divine justice and making forgiveness possible. His blood cleanses us from all sin.
Grace is God's unmerited favor—His love and mercy given freely to humanity despite our unworthiness. In Christian theology, grace is the foundation of salvation, given through faith in Jesus Christ, not earned by works (Ephesians 2:8-9).
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Answers are informed by Scripture and trusted theologians including Matthew Henry, John Calvin, and John Wesley. Always verify with Scripture and consult your local church for pastoral guidance.